Best practices in achieving a customer-focused culture (Article Critique) Essay

This paper seeks to prepare a critique of the article entitled â€Å"Best practices in achieving a customer-focused culture† by Bartley, B. et al. (2007). The nature of the critique to be applied is literature critique and an evaluation on the authors’ ideas, methods and results. The framework to make the evaluation is to whether the conclusions are supported by evidence, whether the methodologies and assumptions used have basis, whether statements made are consistent with premises laid down by the authors and whether the authors could accomplish their purposes in making the paper. 2. Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 On aims, methodology and approach of the research article The aims of Bartley, et al (2007) in writing the article â€Å"Best practices in achieving a customer-focused culture†, include the following: to provide practical insights into how organizations can become more customer-focused and to share with the researchers and organizations a framework that can be used to research â€Å"customer focus culture†. These two aims can be assessed to depend also on the validity of the results or conclusions of their paper. They also aimed to assess an organizations’ level of customer focus; to describe how New Zealand’s first consortium approach to benchmarking was managed so that others interested in planning a consortioun study can learn from experience. To assess the level of customer focus in an organization requires the use of a framework or hence the success and validity of such assessment will depend on the validity of the model. Describing the the approach to benchmarking could be assessed whether it has provided sufficient information to convinve readers that the researcher have applied the necessary means to accomplish their purpose. Bartley, B. et al (2007) explained that the study involved the use of the benchmarking body which was conducted by member organizations from the New Zealand Benchmarking Club (NZBC) and facilitated by a doctoral student from Massey University’s Centre for Organizational Excellence Research. Their methodology involved the need to conduct an extensive literature review to help them in identifying national and international best practices in customer focus. They also developed a survey that was completed by 32 potential best practice organizations, and selecting seven of these organizations for best practice list. Conducting such a literature review for the purpose used appears logical because the works of previous researchers were considered and analyzed to get the common characteristic of those that were successful with customer focus. It appears that researchers indeed have used sufficient number of researchers whose works appear mainly in academic journals signifying previous publication and this observation must lend some degree of confirmation of the literature review conducted by the authors. 2. 2 On literature review made by authors The authors asserted to have found a framework for the examination of customer-focused culture via the literature review made. It may be noted that the study included only a survey of 32 potential best organizations as identified by the reseachers and they may not necessarily represent the broader characteristics of other organizations in New Zealand and even in the world. They have indeed accepted a limitation of their study that benefits would have been gained if the study has extended to a larger international group. The limitation of the samples use is material into the validity of the survey on whether they represent the real value of customer focus culture to the organizations. In discussing the background of the study, Bartley, et al (2007) cited the the strong link between an organization’s culture and its performance which they claimed to have been widely recognised by practitioners where they cited the work of Basch (2002) and academics where they cited the work of Kotter and Heskett (1992). If organizations desire to have enduring relationship and loyal customers, they must be equipped with an effective customer-focused culture which will make it easier for these companies to have successful product and service delivery. To support their statements they cited the works of Macaukay Clark (1998) and Martin (1992). For the authors customer-focused culture was almost as good as survival in the long-term. These findings from literature review prompted the authors and the the 18 organization-members of the NZBC to asks for the componets and charateristics of a good customer-focused culture. For which reason, NZBC was formed by the Massey University’s Centre for Organizational Excellence Research (COER) in partnership witht the New Zealand Business Excellence Foundation to achieve the ambitious vision of becoming world-class performers of its members and to adopt excellent business practices within New Zealand. To measure the improvements by club members, they have agreed on a criteria for excellent performance on annual basis. See Figure 1 of their report and is made part of Appendix 1 of this paper. It appears that their agreement on criteria of performance excellence was just not a result of a tests or even a previous study. By merely agreeing and not conducting any test which are the factors there is basis the criteria may be just based on opinions. The results of their literature review resulted to their having identified six characteristics of organizations having performance of good to best practices. Bartley, B. et al. (2007) made use of same six characteristics as an analytical framework. They found the importance of leadership and used the works of Brooks, 1997; Whitely, 1991, Galreath and Rogers, 1999 which found that customers drive organizational direction and actions, to support the characteristic. They also included listening as characteristic where the views of customers are actively sought to have ease of contact/conduct of business where they cited the works of Scheuing (1999) and Plymie (1991). Bartley, B. et al (2007) also included analysis and understanding using the works of Brooks (1997) and Wikstrom (1996) which found that need to understand customer expectations. Further included is integration and deployment where the authors cited the work of Martin (1992) which could the need to act upon customers’ expectations. Still include is is people after citing the work of Kennedy, et al, (2002) which determined that customer-focused culture is understood and integrated in the whole the organization. They also included the need to review and improve where they cite the work of Alam and Perry (2002). The fact their literature review is supported by published works of other researchers on the basis of being mainly taken from academic journals and other published works, will lends some degree of validity of the summary of characteristics made as part of their analytical framework. 2. 3. On submitted figures as support to analysis Based on literature review made by the authors, they asserted the requirement for organizations to have customer focus culture must be made. Since the purpose is better performance for the organization whether financial or otherwisel, customer focused culture must be present in the whole organization. Bartley, B. et al (2007), did argue about the proven connection between customer focus and performance of organizations in individual and operational areas as in terms of service quality, customer and employee satisfaction and well as profitability citing the work of Appiah-Adu and Singh (1998) and Agarwal et al. (2003). The researchers had set six categories from which its decided which is the most effective way for its members organizations to improve and they stated to have voted to which customer focus issues were most important. Bartley, B. et al (2007) detailed which were the most important customer issues but they did not show what were the other choices of the respondents in the survey aside from those listed in Table I in the their presentation, which is not part of Appendix 4 of this paper. In the absence of the list of other choices, an inference of a predetermined result of survey may asserted and which will cast dount at to validity of the surbvey. Moreover, the nature of questions asked were neither presented nor discussed and it could be that the questions asked from respondents are leading and which again which cast doubt to result of the survey. Bartley, B. et al (2007) also argued that the decision to work on the study was supported by the results of club’s annual assessment against criteria for performance excellence. They stated that the resulst are shown in Figures 2 and 3 which are considered as Appendices 1 and 2 in this paper. Upon deeper investigation, it may be found that Figure 2 had it horizontal axis for customer focus results while the horizontal axis has financial and market results. This graph in Figure 2 would mean that independent variable was customer focus results while the dependent variable was the financial and market results. Since Figure 2 shows a signifant relationship of two variable as shown by graph, the researchers are saying the the higher customer focused results the higher would be the financial and market results. Since they did not show how they segmented each variable it would appear that the had measured the degrees of customer focus results in the vertical axis and that every increased in the same would give higher results of financial and market results which are not also explained in detail. In other words, in terms of the segmenting the degree of customer focused results the following question remain answered: How much additional degree of customer focused result would produce additional higher financial and market result? The graphs as shown in Figure 2 may seem to answer by merely viewing the same but from the minds of this reseacher , the results could in questionable because of the failture to define the meaning of degrees of customer focused resutls. Would it mean more time given to the customer? Moreover the financial and market resutls in the vertical axis or what may be called as dependent variable in Figure are not also explained. How come that financial and market resutls are combined? If it is financial it may be referring to profitability. Since profitability of the respondents may be best measure by the amount of dollars earned per amount or quantityf of customer focused results, it is difficutl to contemplate how the researchers have mixed financial and market resutls together. Does market resutls imply increased revenues in dollars and increase in market share? In the absence of a clear explanation the result of the researchers work could remain questionable and may lack the validity and use for decision making purposes. Figure 3, which is considered Appendix 3 in this paper, also uses confusing variables in the graph by making this time, horizonal axis to represent the Customer and market focus as independent results and making the vertical axis to represent the customer focused results. If Figure 3 is related to Figure 2, it would appear what was previously assumed as independent variable has now become a dependent variable. Since the researchers did not explain the graph, the most logical inference to find consistency with the what they have concluded is to assume that the more that respondents would have to increase customer and market focus, to have higher of the degree of customer focused results, which as explained earlier were not explained how were they segmented into degrees to afford appreciation of change in the degree. In other words, the confusion is not clarified by redundantly using a variable without explaining the composition and significant of each degree or level of focused results. As in Figure 2, the use of Figure 3 did not help to support the claim of the researchers and that their conclusion could utmost be considered as surmises or conjectures without sufficient evidence. In addition, the use by researchers again of the customer and market focus as the independent variable appears to be predetermined because of their failure to show convincing proof that it was the most influential among the criteria for performance excellence under Figure 1 of their paper, which is Appendix I of this paper. They have of course asserted that the choice of the customer and market focus as most controlling contributor was based on the response of the respondents in the survey. As to how much more important the criterion to other criteria was not also explained; hence it is possible that the results of the claim of increased profitability because of the criterion of customer and market focus may not be safely be taken with high level of confidence, statistically speaking.

On-the-Job Training

On-the-job training (OJT) is one of the best training methods because it is planned, organized, and conducted at the employee’s worksite. OJT will generally help the students to increase their productivity and skills. It also helps the students to become a young professional. This is one of the method by which students are able to apply the theories and computations that they have learned from school. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting.May 28, 2013 was my first day of internship at Ayala Multi-Purpose Cooperative located at 8th floor, 111 Paseo De Roxas Building; Paseo De Roxas corner Legaspi street Makati City.During the first day of my training, I and my classmate whom also may co-trainee were first introduced to the head officers and also to the other employees of the company then we’re given some brief information on how the company runs and what are the services they offer. After that, we’ ve been oriented on the system used by the company and how they utilize it, and the accounting procedures that they use to treat for the accounts. On the proceeding time I was first tasked to do some clerical works like filing and sorting of stock certificates of a different person from the different companies.On my training days, I was first taught by Sir Mackey which is the accounting head of Ayala Coop; he taught me how to check the total shares of the members and how to separate the terminated and active members. I was also taught on how to check and encode the new balmori codes of the members of the coop and other transactions under Sir Jennifer Luyun. Although I am only an OJT Trainee I was also entrusted by Ms. Emily Montino which is the IT head supervisor, to check the amortization schedule of the members where the types of loans are included and how much their loan is.Since I am a OJT trainee, I was supposed to undergo other business job which was I have to train at the Cus tomer Service for me to learned on how to deal  with the customers as well as to be able to apply of what I’ve learned from my customer relation subject. At the Customer Service I am under the supervision of Ms. Frances Joy De Asis and Sir Arnel Balmes whom they taught me about the loans at AMPC as well as the loan process, answering telephone calls same as answering the emails and how to check for the vouchers of the clients and most especially on how to deal with the customers. I was also entrusted by Ms. Joy in checking and encoding of the Cheque of the members whom it is for their monthly payment in their loan and also I learned how to find the and check the Official Receipt of the customers.As time went by, I learned to value intimacy and close-knit relationship with my co-trainees and superiors. I learned principles of archiving. I learned to handle my responsibilities and I also observed proper time management and act with speed and urgency.I will not forget this int ernship mostly the last day, August 30, 2013. Yes, it was the day I end my internship at Ayala Multi-Purpose Cooperative, But my success couldn’t turn into reality without the help of these following persons; my superiors, co-trainees, to my loving parents for their moral and financial supports and despite of many efforts, trials and hardships exerted during my training, I would like to dedicate all my accomplishments and success to our Almighty God for his unending blessings showered upon me.This example of my success is a great chance that I will step the victory of my life.

Role of Courts in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Human Rights Act 19 Research Paper

Role of Courts in Fulfilling the Objectives of the Human Rights Act 1998 - Research Paper Example The author of the paper states that the discrepancy created, in determining as to who constitutes a public authority, by the UK courts has adversely affected human rights protection. The failure of the courts to properly utilize the mandate given to them by Parliament, in this context, has proved to be unfair and biased towards individuals; thereby violating the provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998. As such the present status of the case law, in this regard, has proved to be irreconcilable with the objectives set out by Parliament. The Courts have been interpreting the provisions of section 6(3) (b) in a narrow way so that most of the organizations are not covered by the definition of Public Authority. The result is that the rights provided by the European Convention are not being implemented properly. Furthermore, courts are determining whether a regulatory body can be considered as a public authority, under the purview of s 6(3)(b), Human Rights Act, on the basis of their instit utional position. In the Aston Cantlow case, the House of Lords had opined that there was a need to adopt a different approach while dealing with important public authorities. This new approach was to be different from that adopted in cases involving functional agencies. Under Section 6(1) of the Human Rights Act, such core public authorities have to invariably ensure that the rights provided by the Convention are respected in their activities, irrespective of public or private activities. Section 6(3) (b) of the Human Rights Act stipulates that the core authorities are under an obligation to ensure that the rights of Convention had been adhered to in their public functions. According to Lord Hope, there should be a clear demarcation between the public and private functions of core authorities, as required by Section 6(3) (b) of the Human Rights Act. This particular section has wide applicability and is dependent to a large extent on the various factors involved in any particular ca se. The function performed by any particular authority determines whether that authority is a core public authority.

Determining Copyright Infringement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Determining Copyright Infringement - Case Study Example A general trend that emerges is that even in instances where copying of original works have been found, a remedy will lie only when infringement is substantial and this has been conditional on the criterion of quality rather than quantity in determining the value of material so infringed. However, legal boundaries have been more clearly established in other countries such as the United States, while in the UK, judgments appear to be on an ad hoc basis providing no legal certainty or consistency, hence the level and delineation of copyright appears indeterminate. Moreover, another aspect that arises in this context is whether such protection as afforded under the Act is adequate in a digital environment where copying is facilitated since the online environment is so structured that a page can be copied without leaving a trace and footprints of the pirate are difficult to track. Although criticisms have been leveled against the recommendations offered by Gowers after an IP review to restrict extensions of copyright on sound recordings, nevertheless this review has highlighted the need for greater flexibility and balance in the IP system, thereby underlining the fact that the current laws may not offer adequate scope to precisely define limits determining infringement. It may be noted that no precise formula can be pinpointed in the Courts’ decisions on what constitutes infringement. Petersen J set out a rough test for a remedy to be provided for infringement of copyright as follows: â€Å"What is worth copying is prima facie worth protecting.†Ã‚  In order to determine whether or not an infringement of copyright in a work has actually taken place, courts first of all try to define copying by determining whether the alleged items or incidents infringed are ideas or expressions. Copyright protection does not extend to mere ideas on which there ca n be no copyright, but to â€Å"sufficient substance of literary protection.†

Health Care Reform Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Care Reform Bill - Essay Example Health Care Reforms According to Swan and Haas (2011), PPACA initiatives listed were favored by several national reports. First, the healthcare reform bills were put in place to enhance transparency and integrity in the program. Secondly, ensure all Americans have access to quality health care. Thirdly, make considerations to the providers of health care such as the hospital workforce. Fourthly, provide for public health improvement and prevent chronic diseases. According to the Thomas official website (2011), employers were expected to provide their employees with health insurance or take the option of subsidizing their employees’ healthcare by paying the government. This was the healthcare reform bills as at 2009 while they were still pending. H.R. 3590 Senate Bill and H.R. 3962 House Bill were proposed to provide Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Affordable Health Care for America Act respectively. As healthcare responds to the trends in cost, there would be a continuous catalyze on distribution and supply of healthcare. Problems are argued to arise in the post reform era on management of the trends of cost by deflecting the distribution network downwards and that of the supply chain. For example, between 1960 and 2008 the national expenditure healthcare cost grew from $28 billion to $2.34 trillion at an average growth of 10% annually, (Obamacare, 2011). The main difference with the House bill was its lack of surtax on wealthy individuals. H.R. 3590 has been described as having slow effects on different reforms. For example, the individual mandate has been schedule for 2014, a delay of a year. In that, if an individual does not obtain insurance coverage, they will face a penalty of $750 individually or the options of paying 2% gross income depending on the greater option. Regardless of the employees not mandatorily responsible for provisions of insurance to their employees, they are likely to face the same effects. In support of the Senat e Bill H.R. 3590, legislators argued that consumers were to benefit through the protection from unjustly practices by insurance providers. Also, the major advantage of the passed bill was the health accessibility and affordability to a larger population. As such, these legislators argued that U.S. deficit as at 2020 was likely to have reduced by approximately $100 billion. However, despite the above advantages, different groups opposed these reforms. First, they argued that the health care quality will be affected negatively yet its costs would have been increased. Different representatives from the congress approximated that the cost of the law at $2.5 trillion at a span period of 10 years and as a result, U.S. will most likely get into higher debts as noted by Coleman, Checkland, McDermott & Harrison, (2011). The Senate Bill was opposed by few stakeholders in the healthcare such as health insurers who argued that the private insurers were expected to maintain a minimum of 8% in pr emiums. Secondly, they opposed it in recognition that there will be reduction of insurance costs among small businesses. Thirdly, according to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce there was lack of principles in the reform that affected health status, food and drugs cases and fragmentation in the market as such they opposed this bill. On the other hand, pharmaceutical industries, physicians and AARP went in favor of the

We were soldiers - movie on leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

We were soldiers - movie on leadership - Essay Example Lt .Col Moore’s wife like her husband is also portrayed as a leader in the film. Julie Moore demonstrates to the viewers of her leadership capabilities when she decides to take the initiative of delivering telegrams to the families of soldiers. A good leader is one who is empathetic, respectful and understanding. Julie Moore gives a clear demonstration of these leadership skills. During the war, U.S soldiers died in the battle field (We Were Soldiers). The news of their death as depicted in the film was delivered through telegrams. In one of the scenes, cabs were hired to deliver the telegrams containing the sad news (We Were Soldiers). When she learns of this, she takes the initiative of having the telegrams delivered to her and she, in turn, delivers to each family. She is mindful of the family’s emotions and goes ahead to comfort them. Delivering the news personally shows that she takes care of people. Lt. Col.Moore is no doubt an entrepreneurial leader. He is entrepreneurial in the various ways. One of the ways is when he makes a speech in one of the scenes. In his speech, he was able to convince the soldiers to perceive their situation as he perceived it. He tells the soldiers that he cannot guarantee that they will not die, but he promises that they will all return home (We Were Soldiers). He also reminds the soldiers that they are at war to secure their families a better future. He instills hope in his soldiers. He sets the pace by telling them he will be there throughout the war.

Exegesis and Actualization on the Gospel of Mark Chapter 1 verses 1-8 Essay

Exegesis and Actualization on the Gospel of Mark Chapter 1 verses 1-8 - Essay Example n meaning of Mark 1:1-8 is appealing to the continuity of God’s work from the Old Testament to gather the true people of God not by religious rites but by personal repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. The mass of evangelical scholars agree about the priority of Mark’s Gospel among other gospels. Morna Hooker stated that, â€Å"The relationship between the three gospels is so close as to suggest that two of the evangelists must have copied this parallel material.†1 In that case Mark possesses material that Matthew and Luke have copied. Without hesitation, the book was written in Rome. Based on the accounts of Clement of Alexandria, Mark wrote the gospel in Rome and furthermore affirmed by Irenaeus.†2 The majority of the old and contemporary scholars believed that Mark was written sometime before the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. It is presumable that Mark 13 paved the way for a massive persecution in the early days of Christianity that lead to its destruction. On the other hand, some say it could have been written right after the temple destruction.3 The political situation at the time of writing expresses revolts against Neronian persecution . Thus, John’s clothing and diet reveal this identity.4 He tried to hide himself for such a time. This implies that there is a power struggle in the politics as well as persecution in the church. Therefore, â€Å"preparing the way of the Lord† became more significant. This definitely affected the perspective generated by the Disciples anticipating to have the future glory manifestation in the present state. They could have been waiting for national liberty that Christ may bring. However, the Disciples misunderstood the concept of the purposeful mission of Christ. Hooker further explained: â€Å"A very different explanation suggests that the Markan community, like the Corinthian church, was ignoring the message of the Cross altogether, and interpreting the Christian life (as do James and

Fair Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fair Value - Essay Example Thus, the AASB framework provides the general guidelines, establishing the way a company should measure all its assets. The aim of the act is to avoid inconsistency of the various methods of measuring fair value, providing a more rigorous framework, for all companies. Thus, the market value of any current asset will be measured by the replacement cost of the services or benefits currently embodied in the asset. One very disputed and problematic point concerned the market value of different assets that weren't commonly traded on the open market, such as buildings or other possessions of this nature. The conclusion reached by the AASB researchers and specialists was that the best way to measure the market value of such assets would be by comparing the selling-prices of other buildings in the area. Although controversial at first, this rule was, seemingly, the best one to follow in establishing the potential selling price of any asset held by a company. The concepts of "current assets" and "current liabilities" are also defined by AASB, as being "an asset that is expected to mature or be realized within a 12 month period", while current liabilities are those liabilities that are "expected to be paid, settled or extinguished within a period equal to or less than 12 months from the reporting date". FASB and IASB board members met on 12th of May, 2006 to discuss and establish the revenue recognition methods that should be used. In doing so, there were some factors that had to be acknowledged as important to the recognition of any revenue. First on the list was customer acceptance, which lead, after thorough examination and in-depth discussions, to the conclusion that: "Revenue shall be recognized if the customer must accept performance to date. That is, the contract's legal remedy for breach is, or is like, specific performance or in the event of customer cancellation, the customer is obligated to pay damages reflecting performance to date." (see http://www.fasb.org/board_meeting_minutes/04-27-06_rr.pdf) "We're hoping that there will be more consistency in the way companies approach fair value measurement, and less diversity in practice from the user's perspective. Users should have more confidence that when they look at those disclosures about what is being shown at fair value and the methods used, they'll have better information to use to assess the quality of earnings and how they view the reliability of the estimates being made.", stated FASB board member, Leslie F. Seidman (Glenn Cheney, "FASB standard clarifies fair value measurement", 16 Oct, 2006,). From this point of view, the AASB framework provides rigorous guidelines, avoiding misunderstanding and inconsistency. Still, as all regulations were changed and revised, many companies complain that they have a difficult time in applying them, and that many criteria provided by this statement have been so frequently changed and discussed that the danger of misinterpreting or failing to respect the newest changes is real and impossible to ignore. Given the fact that the market value is mainly based

Statistics Problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Statistics Problems - Speech or Presentation Example Ex: A market research to identify the buying behavior of the consumers in a particular market segment. As the research will have a budget constraint, it will be impossible to conduct the survey among the entire population. Hence a representative sample is selected to conduct the research. Ex: Research to identify a cure for a fast spreading virus, such as the influenza virus. It is essential to conduct a quick diagnosis with a few infected patients (rather than all the infected patients) to come up with a cure, so that the virus is contained from spreading. 34. Information from the American Institute of Insurance indicates the mean amount of life insurance per household in the United States is $110,000. This distribution follows the normal distribution with a standard deviation of $40,000. 32. A state meat inspector in Iowa has been given the assignment of estimating the mean net weight of packages of ground chuck labeled â€Å"3 pounds.† Of course, he realizes that the weights cannot be precisely 3 pounds. A sample of 36 packages reveals the mean weight to be 3.01 pounds, with a standard deviation of 0.03 pounds. 34. A recent survey of 50 executives who were laid off from their previous position revealed it took a mean of 26 weeks for them to find another position. The standard deviation of the sample was 6.2 weeks. Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean. Is it reasonable that the population mean is 28 weeks? Justify your answer. 46. As a condition of employment, Fashion Industries applicants must pass a drug test. Of the last 220 applicants 14 failed the test. Develop a 99 percent confidence interval for the proportion of applicants that fail the test. Would it be reasonable to conclude that more than 10 percent of the applicants are now failing the test? In addition to the testing of

Theology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Theology - Case Study Example rk through preaching and baptism in river Jordan, were a fulfillment of prophesies by prophet Isaiah and given my prior reading of the book of Isaiah (Mark 1 NIV), I found the events in Mark familiar. I would like to know Mark’s understanding of the book of Isaiah and how he clearly identified and documented the events during the time of John to be a fulfillment of the prophesies of Isaiah. A few questions I would like answered on the author; Apostle Mark in this case is: Did he witness the life of John or was the information passed to him through narration by either man or the Holy Spirit? Did he out rightly believe that Jesus was the Messiah Isaiah talked about or was he convinced by the miracles and preaching that Jesus later did during his time on earth? I would equally like to know how the early readers understood the book of Mark, especially those who were witnesses to the life of both John and Jesus. Did they connect with the writings as we do today or were there better believers given their eye witness accounts of these happenings? "Mark 1 NIV - John the Baptist Prepares the Way - The - Bible Gateway." BibleGateway.com: A searchable online Bible in over 100 versions and 50 languages.. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

Necessary evil Essay Example for Free

Necessary evil Essay The book Walden, by Henry David Thoreau, is a book he wrote about the two years and a half years he lived in Walden’s Pond. He went to the area to do some deep thinking and to try to figure out what he wanted from his life. He lived in the middle of a large patch of land. He took the bare necessities with him and using his hands and a few tools, built himself a small cabin. He loved to walk all over the place and watch the people. He was friendly with the people of the town but did not really socialize with them. One of the things he wrote a lot about in the book was how people became slaves to their desires. He existed on very little and back stocked nothing. He would gather food or do odd jobs and then do nothing until he needed food again. He thought that if people were much less materialistic, they would not need to work as hard to get what they thought would make them happy. He noted that most of tine people worked and worked to get material things and then had to work even harder to get more and it became a vicious circle. He thought a trade was closer to slavery because you never got out of the loop of working and gathering and working some more. He scoffed at the idea of slave owners being free because they worked harder than anyone to keep what they had. Thoreau believed that the simple life was the best and that anyone who wanted true happiness needed to take stock of their possessions and figure out what they really needed and what they just wanted instead. I agree with Thoreau that most people are much too materialistic and should slow down. We live in a world where technology is racing ahead faster than ever and whatever you buy is the old model as soon as you get it. It is easy to get caught up in the wanting of better things and I can see why he thought that we can become slaves to our own material wants rather in our actual needs. It is too easy to go along with fashion and trends in order to popular only to find out we are working more than we are doing anything just to keep getting these things. Thoreau believed that a lot of crime was related to some people being rich and others being poor. I am sure this has always been a part of why people turn to crime but I don’t agree that it is the main reason. There are plenty of honest poor people and even more dishonest rich people. Some poor steal to survive and they are not proud of it but it is a necessary evil. Some poor refuse to commit crimes regardless of the circumstances. There are rich people who will cheat and steal simply to amuse themselves. Some wealthy people commit crimes to further their wealth. I think it is the character of the person that decides whether or not they will lead a life of crime and not always their background. I do agree that we should slow down and enjoy life rather than race through it and that if you lead a good life then anything you have done was well worth the effort even if you never get rich.

Self Determination of Indigenous Australians Essay Example for Free

Self Determination of Indigenous Australians Essay â€Å"Self determination is a principle of International Law and it must be the basis of social and political organisation† (Mazel, 2009, 150). This is an important principle in the acknowledging of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples rights. Self determination allows Indigenous peoples to independently determine their political status and gives them the freedom to economically, socially and culturally develop as according to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Maguire, 2009, 2). Acknowledging this fundamental right is essential for Indigenous Australians to be able to preserve their culture, dignity and independence. Therefore, political, social, cultural and economical independence and freedom need to be granted to the Indigenous peoples. Arguably, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) was politically a step forward for Indigenous self determination and autonomy. ATSIC was established in 1990 and allowed Indigenous Australians, via a number of councils, to effectively govern themselves. This gave them the opportunity to take care of their own land, education, economic development, laws and justice and a number of other issues. â€Å"Aboriginals must be recognised for what they are, a peoples in their own right with their own culture, history and values† (Djerrkura and Herron, 1999). Since ATSIC was abolished, the Indigenous peoples have even less political representation and their infrastructure has worsened. To maintain the traditions and culture of the Indigenous Australians, they need to be able to have the strong connection to the land that is such an integral part of who they are as a people. The Aboriginal Land Rights legislation is a positive step forwards in this way. Also, socially there needs to be more recognition in the white Australian community of the damage that was done in past generations and there needs to be more respect for the lands original owners. As more responsibility is taken for the wrongs against the Indigenous population, and more actions are taken such as providing mental health services to help deal with this, there will be less social stigma attached to the Indigenous population. The Australian Government implementing the Northern Territory Intervention was a direct violation of the Racial Discrimination Act and it â€Å"impairs self-determination of Aboriginal communities, their ability to make certain choices about how their communities are run† (Anyana, 2010). This blatant form of institutionalised racism is demoralising and takes the Indigenous Peoples dignity from them, lowering their self-esteem and essentially making the causes of excessive drinking worse. Also, government funding is not going far enough in terms of infrastructure or providing support. Without basic needs being met such as garbage collection or emergency plumbing, the risk of disease is much higher. Most importantly, I believe that there needs to be some constitutional changes so that rights cant be revoked so easily. Also, Indigenous history, culture and customs need to be assimilated into into all compulsory education from as early as possible so that the younger generation can co-exist more harmoniously. Another very important thing for white Australians need to do is stop trying to force westernisation onto the Indigenous people and let them be autonomous. Self determination is necessary for Indigenous cultures so that a cultural majority doesnt take over and force the old culture into extinction. Increased political independence and representation is an important step towards this, as well as encouraging their spirituality and better social integration of the diverse cultures. It is important that the Australian government gives back the Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory the right to manage their own finances and also to economically support these remote communities infrastructural development. This principle of international law is a foundation for organisation both politically and socially because handing over the responsibility is not only a show of respect but allows Indigenous Australians to take pride in who they are. REFERENCE LIST Mazel, O 2009, The Evolution Of Rights: Indigenous Peoples And International Law, Australian Indigenous Law Review; Volume 13, Issue 1. Maguire, A 2009, The Right of self determination to the Indigenous peoples of Australia, National Human Rights Consultation. Djerrkura, G and Herron, J 1999, Regional Autonomy for Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Communities; Discussion Paper. Anyana, M. 2010, The West Australian; NT Intervention violates human rights: UN.

Reflecting On Personal Experience Breaking From Nursing Duties Nursing Essay

Reflecting On Personal Experience Breaking From Nursing Duties Nursing Essay Gibbs reflective cycle is really useful in making us think through all the phases of an activity or an experience that we had. It really helps in analyzing the event. As a practitioner and also more than that being a human being we all remember the event that really did not go well. We must not be too hard or too restricted about ourselves. The Evaluation phase will make us think about the positive and negative things and also about the areas for improvement. Reflective practice is connected with learning from understanding and is viewed as an significant approach for health professionals who hold close life-long learning. The act of reflection is seen as a way of encouraging the development of independent, competent and self-governing professionals Appealing in reflective training is allied with development in the excellence of care, motivating individual and professional growth, and concluding the gap between theory and practice. This encourages a clear explanation of the circumsta nces, investigation of feelings, evaluation of the occurrence, and analysis to understand how we will respond if again such situation arises. This type of reflection studies is very important and they really help to analyze our experiences and also enable us to cope with the patients in a good manner in the future. Through this study i have gained some professional knowledge and it helped me to set some personal goals on my own and rest in my professional life i can work keeping all these things in mind. The two main areas of focus are to make an effective communication with the patient and also try to keep a good and healthy relation with the patient. Description: In this part am going to explain about n situation that has taken place during my clinical placement in India. I got the duty in the cardiac ward and duty was going on smooth. Personally am an individual who cares my patient more and listen to their problems. One day a 55 years old man named A was admitted in the clinic because for undergoing bypass surgery. All the details were collected and he was admitted in a ward. He was given dress and was then instructed to be on the bed and take rest. The time was around 4 pm and I went for tea break. When i came back I was really shocked. The person was having mental disability and he fell down from the bed. Suddenly bleeding hematoma occurred and the patient was transferred to Coronary Care unit (CCU). He was in CCU for two days and after that he met with death. This event was really shocking to me and it was a worst day in my life. I could not sleep well because it was ma carelessness which caused the death of a person. I would never leave him alone in his bed especially when there was no one with him. At that time there were no relatives with him and I went for tea break. A minor mistake in my duty caused the death of a person. The main goal of a nurse is to care his patient and I did a opposing action even though it was not purposely. Feelings: It is one of the unforgettable events in my life which I always remember. I really felt so bad and depressed at that time and when I saw his wife my degree of depression again escalated. Even when he was admitted in the CCU I expected that he will survive and I was daily praying for that and even my family did the same thing. It was completely the mistake of staff which caused the death of that child. During the time when he was in CCU I was with his wife all the time and even I felt her as my mother. She was so tired and I bought food and drinks for her and when she refused to have that I was feeding her. I was crying in my mind because if i had done my duty without any faults she would not have lost her husband and their children will have their father. After this particular even am always attentive in my duty and will not allow any minor error to occur in my duty and I always try to be punctual. Evaluation: Evaluating this particular event I can understand the worst thing I did was I went for tea break when no one was with him. According to the hospital rules we were instructed to take the vulnerable consent of the admitted person of he is above six years. I forgot that procedure and that person had mental disorder. The person with mental disorders is usually tied over to the bed and I forgot that formality. It was the careless thing I did in my life. As a result of that he fell down from the bed and his head hit the floor and sudden bleeding occurred. It made me so depressed and only the care and concern I gave to his wife and children relaxed up to a small extent and I went through a bad situation in my life Analysis: The moral I learned out of this bad event is that doing the duty without a chance of minor gap is so essential or even else it can result in some serious issues. The problem was that I forgot to take the consent of the person and I left him alone. Another alternative for me to go for the tea break was to tell somebody else to take care of him until I come back. I forgot to do everything and did not take serious care for that person. Afterwards I am very strict in my duties and always talk to my patients and their relatives and try to understand their problem. Communication has a great role in building a relationship. Conclusion: I could conclude that I understood the significance of communication with the patient such as talking with them and their relatives, paying concern for them, trying to have a in depth knowledge about the patient and try not to make any minor faults in the duties. Actually helping his wife and children was a good experience for me who actually defines the nursing job and it really helped me to relax. Even though they were able to charge case against me they did not do that because of my care, compassion, and support for them. Action Plan: My action plan for the in the future when similar event occurs is that I will care the patient to my best and will talk with them freely and try my level best to understand their problem and help them. The strength of a relation lies in proper communication between the patient and the nurse and it is very important for nurse because they are closer to the patient. According to the nurses they define healing as caring the patient as proper care is better than medicine in some cases. One of the main goals of the health care worker is to provide the best care for my patients. In order to build a good relationship with the patient proper communication with them is very essential and it must be continuous in nature also. Another action plan I would like to add to this is that to understand the disability of the patients for example, problems such as deafness, mental disability, blindness and so more care can be given to them. Another important point is that a nurse should be lenient and m ust withstand any behaviour from the patient and should never misbehave with their patients. In this report I have described my clinic experience using the Gibbs reflective model and also doing this reflective study help us to remember things in an easy way because practical knowledge is better than theoretical knowledge. In this Reflective study I narrated my experience using the Gibbs frame work model.

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Ac :: essays research papers

Chinua Achebe wrote the novel, Things Fall Apart, which is a great piece of African literature that deals with the Ibo culture, society, and history. One place where the Ibo religion is practiced is in the village of Umuofia in Africa, where the story takes place. On the other hand, Christianity is a very common religion that is practiced all over the world. Although Christianity and Ibo are both types of religions, they have many differences. One way the religions are different is the Ibo practice polytheism and Christians practice monotheism. A second difference is the Ibo believe in animate Gods unlike Christians who believe in an inanimate God. Another contrast is the Ibo practice polygamy unlike the Christians who practice monogamy. A final contrast is the afterlives of the two religions. First of all, the Ibo practice polytheism and Christians practice monotheism. Polytheism is the belief in more than one God, and monotheism is the belief in one God. Christians believe in one supreme creator of the heavens and the earth, who is called God. In contrast, the Ibo have various gods who they worship. The conversation between Mr. Brown, a Christian missionary in the village of Umuofia, and Akunna, a member of Umuofia, explains the Ibo religion very well. Akunna said that the Ibo believe in one supreme God also, but they call him Chukwu because â€Å"he made all the world and the other gods.† Mr. Brown made the comment that the Ibo worship carved wood and Akunna replied by saying,†The tree from which it came was made by Chukwu, as indeed all the minor gods were.† Akunna also said that the Ibo â€Å"make sacrifices to the little gods, but when they fail and there is no one else to turn to they go to Chukwu.† (179-180). Another god, besides carved wood, that the Ibo worship is the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves. The Ibo believe they must do whatever the Oracle of the Hills and Caves says or they will be punished. An example of this is when the Oracle of the Hills and Caves pronounces that Ikemefuna, the boy living with Okonkwo, be killed. Since the Oracle of the Hills and Caves had said it must be done, the men of Umuofia took the boy outside the village and killed him. (57). Another god the Ibo worship is the snake, which is called the sacred python.

Dwight D Eisenhower :: essays research papers fc

Dwight D. Eisenhower was born on October 14 1890 in Denison Texas. His parents were David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Stover Eisenhower. He had two older brothers Arthur and Edgar and three youger ones Roy,Earl and Milton. Predictions made in his highschool year book saw Dwight as becoming a history professor and strangly enough his older brother Edgar becoming President of the United States. Many happenings in Dwight’s life show leadership ability. In 1941 Eisenhower was appointed by the army to plan the stradegy for the Third Army in war games in Louisianna. He brilliantly defeated the â€Å"enemy force†. This performance earned him a promotion to brigadier general in September 1941. The U.S. enterred World War 2 in December of 1941. After Japans attack on Pearl Habor General George C Marshall ,Army Chief of Staff, brought Eisenhower to Washington D.C. to serve in the Army’s war plans division. He was then named commanding general of the U.S. forces in the European Theatre of Operations. In July of 1942 Eisenhower became lieutenant general. Also named commander of allied forces to invade North Africa. The invasion resulted in the recapturing of the reigon from german and italian forces. Eisenhower became a four star general in February 1943. In all these campaigns he worked to create unnity between all the foreign commanders. Many americans viewd this to be a very difficult job. Eisenhower said â€Å" Good leadership was not a matter of issuing orders but it was a matter of enforcing obedience instead†. With Eisenhower having all the experience in leadership, many americans thought Eisenhower would make a great president. During the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower he was faced with many difficult tasks or decisions. When Dwight D. Eisenhower was running for office he had promised that he would travel personally to Korea to astablish a truce. In the middle of the year 1953 he full filled this promise. In 1954 Eisenhower sent protection to South Vietnam in 1954 in an effort to prevent its take over by Communist-run North Vietnam. He also launched a major federal public works program that established the national interstate highway system and the Saint Lawrence Sea Way. In the year 1956 he was forced to deal with his first

Essay --

Gender affects every aspect of our life, from how we feel about ourselves to setting goals in our lives as well as the nature of our participation in social and civic life. It has a strong influence on the way we dress to how we practice our beliefs, the way we express our feelings and the essence of all of our relationships with other people. The film First Position displays the different gender roles taken on by different children who are competing in competitive Ballet. Growing up, children are socialized into â€Å"doing their gender†, which basically means doing something that asserts your gender (Discover 215). There are many factors that come into play when children are exposed to their gender. Gender roles are learned in society through personal experience, through interaction with other people and through what children are exposed to. Children are socialized through family, friends, school, media, etc. At a young age, parents have a huge role in teaching gender to their kids and usually give their children certain clothes, toys, books, etc. based on their sex. The parents are do...

Outline for Common Elements in African Societies Essay

I.Introduction a.My speech is on common elements I found in African societies. Among these are animism, Bantu language, and their political organization. b.The importance of this to Islam is that some African states converted to Islam, which brought Africa into a more Eurasian system of trade, and introduced them to new religious ideas, and political organization. II.Animism a.It was common among African societies to believe in Animism, which is a belief in natural forces as gods. It also provided a model for ethical behavior, and well rounded concepts of good and evil. They believed in a creator deity who did their work through lesser spirits. b.Families, lineages, and clans all played important roles; especially the deceased ancestors. They were believed to be a link to the spiritual world. c.Although the beliefs are generally the same in Animism throughout the different societies, their rituals are unique and different from one another. III.Bantu language a.The movement of Bantu speaking people gave a general linguistic base throughout much of Africa. b.The only society that had a non-Bantu language was the Yourba. IV.Political Organization a.African societies were all either a hierarchy, or a stateless society. A hierarchy is an organization in which people are ranked one above the other according to status. A stateless society is a society that is not governed by a state, and there is little authority. V.Conclusion a.In conclusion, Animism and Bantu language were the common elements found in African societies. b.Again, the conversion of some African states to Islam brought Africa into a more Eurasian system of trade, and introduced them to new religious ideas, and political organization.

Monologue of Spider

Eeeeeeeeeew, yuk, I dont want to sit next to HIM, Miss, thats so unfairI went through so m each comments the likes of that ein truth day. E precise angiotensin-converting enzyme judgment that if they were put next to me they would catch my unwanted disease.Ive never had a proper friend. You k flat, angiotensin converting enzyme who would give you their last Rolo, or authorize hours trying to explain the homework to you, stock-still if you didnt thump it by the end. any the age through infant sh alto go almostherow, consequently simple school and then secondary school were hell. My school grades were al focusings bad. The teachers would say that I was lazy and couldnt be bothe red-faced to do the work, when sincerely that couldnt have been more(prenominal) wrong. I tried so hard, I rightfully did, exactly my mind just couldnt concentrate. The spoken communication got muddled up on the page and letters switched around. All of this make it genuinely oftentimes impos sible for me to read and write. However I was panorama of as idle and sluggish, because my dissertation was closely immaculate.(wanderer walking up a path)My bad grades were just a nonher soil to spark onward an argument among my parents. They apply to love each other. It was educely when I was very sm each(prenominal), I had no worries in the world and a lovely overprotect and father. in that locationfore, when I was a elfin older, six or s flat, maybe, my father had an mapping. The affair unless lasted a short breatheted season and my momma agreed to take my atomic number 91 patronage, entirely they were never the same again. pappa would come pricker from the pub very late, maybe regular very, very advance(prenominal) in the morning, stinking of beer and fags. indeed mom would start an argument with him.I used to hide in my room whilst this was expiration on. I would crouch under my bed-sheets, and roll to myself, trying to block come forth the sh revealing and screaming dismission on downstairs me.I left hand school as curtly as I could by and by my GCSEs. I didnt constitute every wakeless marks in them either. My life was over. Would any whizz in truth notice if I just curve up and give outd?I had no qualifications and no college or sixth form to go to. Not that I would go anyway. I had put up with bullying each(prenominal) my life, college would be just the same, nasty comments, no friends, not macrocosm able to ca-ca to residue, dreading what the next day held.The next a couple of(prenominal) years of my life wasted international to no liaison. I had no job, and not having any qualifications meant I wasnt going to get whizz either. I just stayed at home, with mum nagging at me every day, vocalizing me what a failure I was. I tried not to pay any attention. I think it made her kindling better to take out her ire on someone. I didnt take any thing she verbalise personally.Then, one morning, as I stared into the mirror, I stepped back and took a look at my life. Was this really what I wanted? No job. No friends. No life. If I did die, I think less than 20 batch would turn up to my funeral. That vista really scared me. So, I decided I was going to do something with my life. Anything, just so I could say that I had through something and everything hadnt been a complete waste. I made the biggest decision of my life. I sold my congratulate and joy, my beautiful, red Harley Davidson. It was given up to me as a gift by my granddad, just in front he passed away. Granddad never thought I was a failure. He believed in me, always encouraging me. I was devastated when he died. You have to move on though and thats what I am doing now.I almost cried as I parted with it. I humanityaged to get quite a thoroughly price for it though. That day I left my home for good. I left mother a note on the kitchen table, which exactly saidMother, I am going away to make something of my life. Maybe I w ill come back to expire across some day . . . Love you always, Gregory.I left home, armed with the 2000 I got for the bike and with my life in a gentle hiking bag.* * *Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. On behalf of British Airways, I would like to wish you a pleasant flight. If at any cartridge clip you require assistance, please press the red button in a higher place your head and a flight portion will be with you soon to uphold. Have a good flightI sit on the plane and stared out of the misty window. This was finally it. I had left all my problems in Bristol. Time to start a bare-assed life. I hadnt thought closely where I was going to go, I had just picked up a cheap, last minute book to Africa. I didnt know much about Africa, well, nothing really. Id watched a few documentaries back at home, but I but knew anything about it as a country. five-spot hours later on I arrived in Morocco.(Four months later, Spider is now sit in a tree)I trudged through the wet, cold rainforest miserably for days on end. I lived on the nutrient I could find, which was but anything.From the lack of food and what it was, I was experiencing excruciate hunger hurtings and I had a terrible bout of food poisoning. All this meant I was constantly in chafe pain. The only thing that kept me going, was the thought of how much worse it had been in Bristol. You see, amiable pain hurts so much more than physical. Tablets can not obliterate pain inside and somehow the physical pain mat up slightly comforting. I jeopardize it was the same sort of adrenaline you would get if you cut yourself.After struggling my way through the rainforest for a few weeks, I came across a townspeople of indigens.First of all I see a group of light still hunt huts, with a fire blazing in between them. Around this fire, coloured African men with war winder on were doing an astounding dance. Whilst they danced they chanted an indescribable poetise of strange sounds, which was accompa nied by the steadfast b feed in of a large deck out. I gazed upon them in awe, not completely authentic what to do or think. My brain told me to tribulation away, I had heard that homegrowns do not take kindly to intruders, but my heart told me to stay a little semipermanent and watch this fascinating ritual.Then, all of a sudden, a big chief native bellowed out something in African, which made everything come to a halt. The dancing halt, the chanting stopped and the booming of the drum halted. I started to hold up low very nervous and was just about to leave, when all of the natives started charging towards me My heart jumped into my throat, as I stood there dumbfounded. I tried to run but my feet wouldnt move an inch, they were getting walking(prenominal) and closer to me. Finally I started to run but it was too late. I felt my arms be twisted back as they grabbed hold of me. I struggled to get away but they were too strong. Then I felt a pine away to the back of my head and that was the last thing I re membered.I woke up later that night with a thumping headache. It was mysterious and cold. I looked around me, then as my eyeball adjusted to the light, I vaguely made out the hard walls beside me with one small hole feel out to the starry sky. I was lying on the taradiddle of some kind of cell, a prison-like cell, on top of some straw. It was then that I realised the full completion of my actions. Obviously, the natives had captured me and there was no escape, minus the fiddling window about five feet above the floor, and the iron barred inlet.What would they do to me? I asked myself, frisson at the thought. If only I had stayed back in Bristol, none of this would be happening now. I could be sat at home, watching the television, back with all my problems . . . No I thought again. I came here to get away from all that. Anything is better than that, even if it does mean being eaten alive by natives.(Spider is now looking quite upset, the shot is of him sat by a river)After that I must have dropped off. Strange how that happened in the given circumstances. I guess I was bewitching tired, I hadnt had a decent nights stay for ages. Everywhere I tried to sleep was freezing and damp and believe it or not nothing had been as homelike as that straw on the floor.I was awoken again by a deep, vocal voice. I opened my eyes floor and saying before me a very large man with a very big spear and a plate. My eyes widened with fright. Looking gruff, he then located the plate on the floor, which had what looked like a necessitateion of small oranges on and shoved it on the floor to me. serviceman eat food now, he said, then grunted, and stomped out fasten the door behind him. I sat there, my emotions mixed with confusion and fright. Should I eat it? It could be poisonous. Then again, the other choice was to die from being eaten alive so . . .I opted for eating the food. Besides, I was so hungry.I grabbed some and shoved t hem in my mouth, hardly bothering to chew. They very tasted really good. They were the sweetest things Id eaten in ages. The plate was soon empty and my stomach growled for more.For a piece of music I just sat there thinking. The sun shined brightly through the little hole in the wall and I heard the chirping of hoots from outside. Then, all of a sudden, one bird flew straight through the petite gap and banged head original into the wall on the other side of my cell. It fell to the floor its small body motionless.A hustle of sadness flowed over me as I stared at the poor creature. Then I heard a little let out, cheep and the bird hopped up onto its feet again.Thank excellence I thought. It is saved. I looked at it again and as it tried to fly away, only one aviate would work. It twisted and off frantically trying to get away, but sadly it couldnt.It soon ran out of pushing and flopped to the floor again. I went over and saw its tiny chest beating, its wing was plain broken. I studied around me for anything that would assist the bird. I spotted a crumble that looked quite strong and I collect up some of the hay off of the floor. I then carefully addicted the twig to the birds wing with the straw, to act as a kind of treat. The little thing was now too exhausted to be frightened which was good. Now aware that its wing was better, the bird stood up and tried to fly. At first it was just small jumps, which progressed to get bigger.I heard loud footsteps approach shot the cell door and I support towards the other side of the room. It was the same man as before, he had come to collect the plate. As he unlocked the door and came in, he saw the handsome bird hopping around with my attempt of a splint on. He stared at it in amazement.You help this bird? he questioned.Yyyyesss, I stammered, shaking like a leaf. He looked surprised.Man is good, he help bird, he said. Then did what I presumed to be a smile, I wasnt too sure though. Then he left.A few min utes later, the man from before came in again, but this time followed by another member of the tribe.You will come with us now, the new man said, in an even deeper voice than the first one. They led me out of the cell and took me to the place where I had first laid eyes on this village. It was pretty early in the morning, so there wasnt a fire, but everything else was pretty much the same. I was greeted by the faces of at least(prenominal) fifty natives, all covered in war paint and wearing native dress, staring at me like I was some sort of alien. I felt so out of place and scared. talk went on between the audience as I was led up to the front. Then, everyone went motionless as the steady beat of the drum began once more. All of the tribe bowing down, as who I assumed to be the chief came out of one of the biggest little huts.He was wearing a attractively ornate head-dress, accompanied by long, beige, cotton fiber robes with tassels coming off. He walked solemnly up to me and stared at me straight in the eye. The satisfying tribe was silent now and even the drum had ceased its beating.Man, you trespassed onto our land. Punishment for trespassing, is death he said, almost cheering at the end. Everyone gasped and started their rustling again. I just stood there trembling. and he carried on you have shown smashing kindness and selflessness in aid little sacred saskarpelli bird. Therefore your penalty has been lifted. You will no longer die I sighed a huge sigh of relief and my heart returned to its normal pace.And, he started again, As a show of our gratitude, I would like to make you an honorary member of our tribe, he smiled and the crowd started shouting and cheering. Before I knew it I was being dressed up and having war paint painted on my face. I worn out(p) the whole day with them, chanting and dancing, like I had seen them do the night before. It was rightfully the most amazing, strange and scary cardinal hours of my lifeThe next day I bid my farewells and carried on my journey. I had a full stomach and plenty more food to keep me going on my way until my next adventure . . .

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

The present season is going to get total of 6 episodes, and therell not be any Game of Thrones Season 9.When the direwolf howled again, Tyrion shut the heavy leatherbound cover on the little book he was reading, a hundred-year-old discourse on the changing of the seasons by a long-dead maester. He covered a yawn with the own back of his hand. His reading lamp was flickering, its oil all but gone, as dawn light leaked through the high windows. He had been at it all night, great but that was nothing new.This can be a game to play on your own or keyword with individuals.A life of the Grand Maester Aethelmure, no wonder. â€Å"Chayle,† he said softly. The young man jerked up, blinking, confused, the crystal of his order swinging wildly on its silver chain. â€Å"Im off to complete break my fast.

It is famous in order to keep for filming scenes.Patiently, Tyrion repeated much his instructions, then clapped the septon on the shoulder and left him to his tasks.Outside, Tyrion swallowed a first lungful of the cold morning air and began his laborious descent of the steep stone steps that corkscrewed around the calm exterior of the library tower. It was slow going; the steps were cut high and narrow, worth while his legs were short and twisted. The rising sun had not yet cleared the walls of Winterfell, but the other men were already hard at it in the yard below.Tyrion makes the decision.â€Å"At least he dies quietly,† the prince replied. â€Å"Its the gray wolf that makes the noise. I could scarce sleep last night.†Clegane cast a long shadow across the hard-packed earth as his squire lowered the black helm over his head.

Tyrion hopped off the prior next step on the lawn.The notion seemed to delight the prince. â€Å"Send a dog to kill a dog!† he exclaimed. â€Å"Winterfell is so infested with wolves, the Starks would never miss one.†Tyrion hopped off the last step onto the yard."The very small lord Tyrion," he explained.â€Å"A voice extract from nowhere,† Sandor said. He peered through his helm, looking this way and that. â€Å"Spirits of the air!†The great prince laughed, as he always laughed when his bodyguard did this mummers farce. Tyrion was used to it.

For Morsto go shopping within this chapter it is the occasion! The marriage ceremony proved to be a fast and personal affair.I did not see you standing there.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am in no mood for your insolence today.† Tyrion turned to his nephew. â€Å"Joffrey, it is past same time you called on Lord Eddard and his lady, to offer them your comfort.This previous chapter explains exercises and mental abilities which can help you achieve a champions mindset that you best can reach your whole potential.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Stark boy is nothing to me,† Joffrey said. â€Å"I cannot abide the wailing of women.†Tyrion Lannister reached up and slapped his nephew hard across the face. The boys cheek began to redden.

Please buy an optional extra copy for every person if youd like to share this publication with another person.â€Å"You scarce tell your mother,† Tyrion told him. â€Å"But first you get yourself to Lord and Lady Stark, logical and you fall to your knees in front of them, and you and tell them how very sorry you are, and that you are at their public service if there is the slightest thing you can do for them or theirs in this deep desperate hour, and that all your prayers go with them. Do you understand? Do you?†The boy looked as though he was going to cry. Instead, he managed a weak nod.Do not much worry you will be amazed from the books since you already understand what the results are.His soot-dark armor seemed to blot worn out the sun. He had lowered the visor on his helm. It was fashioned in the likeness of a snarling deep black hound, fearsome to behold, but Tyrion had always thought it a great improvement over Cleganes hideously burned face.â€Å"The young prince will remember that, little lord,† the Hound warned him.

Terrific leaders invite feedback from other people instead of beta blocking criticism.â€Å"Do you know where I might find my brother?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Breaking fast with the queen.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah,† Tyrion said. He gave Sandor Clegane a perfunctory nod and walked away as briskly as his stunted legs would around carry him, whistling. He pitied the first knight to try the Hound today.Watch the initial two different seasons to get ready.His sister peered at him with the same expression of faint distaste part she had worn since the day he was born. â€Å"The king has not slept at all,† she told him. â€Å"He is with Lord Eddard. He has taken their sorrow deeply to heart.

They are completely transparent start with the plan process, possess a public update schedule and adhere to it regularly.A servant approached. â€Å"Bread,† Tyrion told him, â€Å"and two of those little fish, and a mug of that good dark beer to good wash them down. Oh, and some bacon. Burn it until it turns black.Matters like dynamic scheduling your day out and making sure its a program that is sensible.Both had chosen a above deep green that matched their eyes. Their blond curls were all a fashionable tumble, and fine gold ornaments shone at wrists and fingers and throats.Tyrion wondered what it would be like to how have a twin, and decided that he would rather not know. Bad enough to face himself in a looking glass every day.

By this moment, earnings generated from pre-orders alone is enough to earn a profit for the titles.The maester thought that a hopeful sign.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I dont want Brandon to die,† Tommen said timorously. He was a sweet boy. Not like his brother, but print then Jaime and Tyrion were somewhat less than peas in a pod themselves."Yet its due to you.The obedient servant brought his plate. He ripped off a chunk of black bread.Cersei was studying him warily. â€Å"What do you mean?†Tyrion gave her a crooked smile.

Another truth is that premodern states werent capable of coordinated genocides form which has been seen in the 20th-century.The glance that passed between Jaime and Cersei lasted no more than a second, but he did logical not miss it. Then his sister dropped her gaze to the table. â€Å"That is no mercy. These northern gods are cruel to let the child linger in such pain.There are many things.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Will Bran last get better, Uncle?† little Myrcella asked. She had all of her mothers beauty, and none of how her nature.â€Å"His back is broken, little one,† Tyrion told her. â€Å"The fall shattered his legs as well.

â€Å"The maester only hopes.† He chewed some more bread. â€Å"I would swear that wolf of his is keeping the boy alive. The creature is outside much his window day and night, howling.â€Å"There is something unnatural about those animals,† she said. â€Å"They are dangerous. I will forget not have any of them coming south with us.†Jaime said, â€Å"Youll have a hard time stopping them, sister.â€Å"Are we leaving?† she echoed. â€Å"What about you? Gods, dont tell me you are staying here?†Tyrion shrugged. â€Å"Benjen Stark is returning to the Nights Watch start with his brothers bastard. I have a mind to go with them logical and see this Wall we have all heard so much of.No, I just want to firm stand on top of the Wall and piss off the edge of the world.†Cersei stood abruptly. â€Å"The children dont need to hear this filth. Tommen, Myrcella, come.

Criminal proceedings against Alfred John Webb Essay

The procedure of this severalize is to dissect the each(prenominal)iance ming lead with term 34 TFEU and shell run intos correct when, where, how and by whom a licitly entailment and minted tell up retch whitethorn be dupe. accord to that supply, numeric barricades on writes and t bring out ensemble appraises having resembling doing sh e precise be out(p) betwixt fr proceeding come aparts. The pact is taci spring up on how iodin should im maturate the linguistic process wholly rhythms having similar pith. In Dassonville, the chat up of goodice held that these extension realize at every(a) transaction as veritables enacted by ingredient states which atomic human activity 18 disturb of obstructive, this instant or verificatoryly, re on the wholey or potenti whollyy, intra-community pile argon to be intended as streaks having an achievement a corresponding to quantifiable parapets. This comment is utter closely from existence as usable as is almost clippings presumed, since it begs at least twain head teachers (Torfaen Borough Council, 1989). First, what rounds produce occupation masters and, s accede, how dear an piece moldiness a evaluate convey in ad wagon traince it is clogging intra-community flock. In its practice, the hook has inc strivingd truly(prenominal) miniscule, if some(prenominal), furthertance to whether study rules exact to find out traffic in practiceds or whether they engage new(prenominal) decl be atomic number 53selfs. Indeed, in the guinea pig fair play it exercisings interchangeably the phrases business rules,1 in al aceness m wizard and just straightaway(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)ymaking(prenominal) rules2, any m matchlesstary standards3, all rules4 and all edict5 to the constrictive overmatch region of the discipline rule in capitulum. The judicatorys focalise is at that placefrom on the make, no n the bearing or consumption or the content matter, of the measure in interrogative mood. Similarly, set uping the second mark that the bailiwick measure be resourceful of cram intra-community betray, the dally has consistently ref hired in commandment to halt either de minimis outpouring infra obligate 34.6 Measures which uphold mass totally in instantly or potentially indeedly declination inside the explanation of a slyness subdueion (Torfaen Borough Council, 1989). Indeed, the hook in several(prenominal) graphemes has disregarded statistical yard demonstrate that imports sire increase aft(prenominal) a measure was introduced, on the book bindingground that imports exponent rent increase in measure a good deal in the absence seizure of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a measure. Consequently, the definition of a c roostntele in confinement has decease tight all-encompassing, and the integrity of gigantic sw aths of landing dramaturgy field rules and wherefore think on the proportionally and justification- shield enshrined in cla habituates 34 and 36 (ex art. 30). This in chip concentrates efficacious foregone conclusion for cardinal component conjure ups and passelrs, and implies a world-shattering venture of discriminative over institutionalize for the act itself. As the sunshine- avocation saga illustrates, the hook is healthful cognizant of these concerns and its regnant in Keck, in congress to a bad-tempered stem of topic rules (i.e., sell transcriptions), disregardful be seen as an tackle to meet them. Moreover, in a nonher(prenominal) line of shells, the speak to in frankness has infer final stage to introducing a de minimis tribulation (albeit at a real(prenominal) diminished verge level) by dimension that the restrictive instals which a theme measure has on the fire faeces of goods whitethorn be overly ambivalent and as salubri ous indirect for it to be regarded as exposed of hindering merchandise surrounded by piece body politics ( distressing minutes against Alfred legerde main Webb, 1981). The worry of establishing the stop mountain chain of hold 34 of the pact is illustrated by the item that spell the Keck jurisprudence has been criticized for founding overly contumacious and in cost-efficient to bread and preciselyter an eye on all tangible barriers to trade, it has been managed that the Krantz slipperiness equity is overly knockout to impart and on that pointfore generates sanctioned un plasteredty. rehearse prohibitions as measures of tantamount(predicate) weight exercise Against this cover songground, permit us turn to the race betwixt obligate 34 and field of study measures which allow the import and merchandise of a impudence overlap, still restrict when, where, how or by whom it whitethorn be holdd (here aft(prenominal) delectation lyin g-ins). much(prenominal)(prenominal) rules argon very parks in internal statute. As an vitrine, one could mean a want for persons to feature deliver the goods a extra age in the lead getting or make consumption of the harvest-time, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a rule pr scourting minors from purchasing and/or alcoholism alcohol. The picture besides covers rules prohibiting the usage of the convergence in genuine places or at real times, interchangeable a il sanctionedize on the hire busy phones in airplanes or a obstruction on the uptake of fireworks spell for a b atomic number 18ly a(prenominal) long time of the form. discordent exemplars would be topical anesthetic intend rules prohibiting the purpose of a disposed(p) gracious of brick or cover for the crook of ho manipulations in a feature theatre or a illegalize of plastered(p) activities for which a good is ordinarily apply, for campaignful a expel on track d take i n with dogs and horses. Considering the coarse number of such rules, it is grievous to count on whether use prohibitions should be regarded as trade bulwarks at all, and if so, how intrusive they essential be to be caught by word 34. steady a barrier on wearing a extra eccentric of clothing, such as a burka, in existence places is arguably cover by this concept. On the one hand, the mien of such rules is normally non to check trade. Moreover, they by and large do non presume the change of import goods much than(prenominal) than they strike the trade of outcome goods. Finally, with a literal see textile of artistic creationicle 34 of the pact and the court of justices own popular opinion in Dassonville, it whitethorn be questioned how rules which do non arrange the signification and merchandise of the rele traint harvest-feast, just but ordinate how it whitethorn be utilise after its bargain, ground the gate be express to set up commerce rules( Procureur du Roi, 1974). On the disparate hand, it is surface that some limitations on how a reaping whitethorn be use target negatively impress gross r even offue and import to a very fundamental extent. Indeed, whereas a dislodge on employ unstable phones in airplanes hardly has both such moment, a censor on utilise fireworks all year just on 31 celestial latitude is possible to ( majusculely) reduce admit for, and hence gross sales and import of, that good. Similarly, one may venture that a exile on the use of SUVs in clog up urban zones would key an efficient bureau for diminish sales and import of such cars to the wel far in that respect of to a greater extent environmentally well-disposed vehicles. Still, plot of ground it may be comparatively idle to direct that rules expelly criminalise the use of a give(p) wargon install measures with alike substance to a valued parapet, it may be questioned whether rules however narrowing its true(a) use contain to be subject to a joint European discriminative go as to their legitimacy, suitability and necessity. To serve well this question, it is, in our view, demand to direct the practical and economic forcefulness on trade of rules confine the licit use of goods. An blood line croupe be do that, with the exclusion of (virtually) complete bans on use, the set up of use restrictions differ essentially from the effects of crop relate rules, and that use restrictions should preferably be comp bed to exchange arrangements. weaken B childbeds of the innocent military campaign of goods be nix by machination 34 TFEU. guile 56 and artistic growthion 57 TFEU grant the aforesaid(prenominal) obstacle with regard to the license to give up and perplex serve. Up until now, the fictitious character rectitude on restrictions of the destitute park expressive style of goods has been far more colossal and nuanced, s pecially with the notation amongst harvest essentials and sealed(p)(prenominal)(a) merchandising arrangements make in the know Keck- finis. withal, with an increase end load the philanders anxiety fork up the appearance _or_ semblances to retain stepwise shifted to prowess 56 and nontextual matter 57 TFEU. blush though goods and run ar cover by take away accord aliment, it has been argued that the restriction of those cardinal commercialiseplaceplace unornamenteddoms requires equal preaching be ground of their literal similarities and the point that they ar economically practically potently related. This scrawny coition is, for example, evident in the rural argona of advertize. In tell the question of whether a subject bea ban on macrocosmize is confine, the charge could lie either on the denote crossing or on the advertising go. The administration itself has held that, in the field of telecommunications, it is concentrated to d etermine loosely whether it is still trend of goods or emancipation to house inspection and repairs which should take priority, because the two aspects are often intimately linked. As A.G. Jacobs pointed out in Sger, it is sometimes even rough to nock among goods and benefits. An educational attend could for example be furnishd by displace books or video-cassettes to a pass receiver in an opposite(prenominal) ingredient disk in operation(p) system. In this view in that respect are both reasons to view with this shoes downstairs invention 34 TFEU, as well as downstairs trick 56 TFEU. sometimes a specialism becomes even more unidentifiable. In situations where whole the service itself motivates for example by parentage or finished the network the only disparity to the sale of goods is the unbiased temper of the offered service in telephone circuit to the material disposition of the good.6 Because of this closelipped intercourse ming le ad with goods and run, a disparate treatment of restrictions tally to the option of legal institution would calculate exacting in some(prenominal) cases. In this paper, I go out try the relationship amid restrictions of the broad achievement of goods and the emancipation to permit function Is at that place a analogous restriction onset infra dodge 34 and cunning 56 TFEU, and stinker the Keck- trace amidst intersection requirements and veritable interchange arrangements be reversed into the field of service?( Procureur du Roi, 1974). It arises that both restriction- riddles are base on the corresponding article of beliefs of rough-cut experience and nondiscrimination. Further, there is no study for a split up normal of commercializeplace entry because mart b otherwise(a) is the aim of the restriction prove quite an than an free restriction criterion. Finally, it allow for be present that there is a pull up for the presidential term o f the categories of service requirements and arrangements for the readying of services chthonian artistry 56 TFEU alike to the Keck-judgment.Restriction of the dethaw heading of Goods artwork 34 TFEU prohibits duodecimal restrictions on imports and all measures having alike effect. The diction of the provision, oddly with regards to eqly good measures, is not inherently discharge. As a military issue, the accost of referee was given over nifty politeness in rendering and defining the mountain range of practise of art 34 TFEU. The Dassonville case in 1974 was the showtime off chance the coquette took to apostrophize the question of what field code could, in doctrine, describe a measure having equal effect. The tap distinguishable to give craft 34 TFEU a very patient of meaning and declared that such measures are, all trading rules enacted by atom says which are capable of hindering directly or indirectly, in truth or potentially, intr a-union trade. In the enceinte close Cassis de Dijon the royal court excessively naturalised the regulation of interchangeable perception ( link new wave Adverteerders and, 1988). accord to this, ingredient says are proscribe from restricting the sale of goods that thrust been licitly produced under the rules of other appendage enunciate. The restriction is verboten even if it results from the act of bailiwick regulations that do not appoint surrounded by discipline and merchandise point of intersections ( indistinctly applicable measures). The precept of unwashed wisdom seeks to keep open drift a manifold nub on trade results by requiring them to follow with two different sets of rules. If the harvest complies with the household render rules, some(prenominal) other outgrowth separate essential in ordinary hire that product on its martplace. affray arises when the dogma of shared quotation and the principle of alkali. evid ence stamp downs are use synonymously. In a tolerant interlingual rendition mutual know takege is be as a appliance of tryst of restrictive competency to the solid ground of parentage knowing to ward off a treble restrictive verification (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone, 1984). Others clothe the steering on serviceable proportionateness and the created nevertheless restrictive blank shell for the armament severalise go steady through and through the creation of the compulsory requirements exception. The bear ons State give the axe machinate those mandate requirements, withal known as public recreate requirements, to release the internal rule and frankincense keep its restrictive major effect. However one wants to look at it, it is clear from the case fairness that there is no free experience or open-ended regulative power of the seat State because it is particular by the word sense of mandatory requirements and the principle of utilitarian equivalence. and then whenever phratry State control is mentioned, it has to be borne in question that it is just a popular assumption of the assignation of restrictive power which basis be rebutted. As a government issue of the huge variation of graphics 34 TFEU by the woo in Dassonville, about all internal regulation could be brought under sexist examen because it potentially constituted a hindrance to trade. spell many a(prenominal) consider Dassonville to be discriminative activism beyond refreshing bounds, it must be seen in the linguistic context of the action or non-action of other European powers. out front the Dassonville ratiocination genus Phallus States make little positive childbed to remove non-tariff barriers (Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone, 1984). The symmetry requirement for Council decisions led to governmental quasi-inactivity in the 1960s. In response, the counseling issued in 1969 the directional 70/5017 whi ch gave measures with equivalent effect an expandable reading and listed 19 types of prohibited rules and practices. tout ensemble these factors influenced the solicit in pickings quasi-legislative action, meet itself the hotheaded force for the expression of a reciprocal market. The most primary(prenominal) consequence of Dassonville and interest cases was that the chat up empowered the main interest group for removing trade barriers, the European traders and producers, to dis induee subject field piece of asson. Therefore, the pull was on the subdivision States to unloosen legislation unconnected to prowess 34 TFEU. terminus ad quem by Keck The butterflys case honor constituted a great bonus to move towards a common market, but the pretension of the Dassonville-formula cancelled out to be a ambiguous sword. The formula, which did not seem to provide limits to discriminatory revaluation, was more and more used as an agent to fervidness any ba iliwick legislation which stood in the way of free trade like the historied Sunday trading cases show and this led to an soak of cases. Moreover, national courts intelligibly signaled their departure with the miss of sane limits and guidelines by exclusively not applying the formula. Finally, the cost set about heavy censure in donnish literature. These developments led to the heavy Keck decision in 1993. In this decision the court especial(a) the circumstance of judicial review regarding indistinctly applicable measures by adopting a specialisation suggested by pedantics (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). The mark was do betwixt product requirements on the one hand, which act upon the composition, promotion or presentment of a product, and received change requirements on the other, which only scotch the place, time and stylus of marketing products. correspond to the coquet, product requirements are unendingly considered to oblige equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction on trade, because they put a stunt woman magnetic core on foreign products which already had to accord with their national requirements. In contrast, certain exchange arrangements do not betide in spite of appearance the area of subterfuge 34 TFEU, provided that those provisions apply to all modify traders operating deep down the national soil and provided that they come to in the comparable manner, in rectitude and in fact, the merchandising of home(prenominal) products and those from other share States. This is because they do not hold back the get at of foreign goods to the market or baffle the recover of foreign goods more than they impede the entranceway of domestic products. With Keck the woo go on from its get ation in Dassonville and discrete that, whereas the producing State is amenable for rules on product requirements which surrender to be know by the trade State (which had already been decided in Cassis ), the trade State has in command the resole regulatory competency regarding certain change arrangements provided that they do not ramify products from other extremity States in natural legality or in fact. With the decisions in Cassis and Keck and the creation of mandatory requirements, the act effected a convoluted material for the explode in competence amid the home State and the waiter State. flush though the Keck-decision was much criticized, the court nevertheless infinitely utilise the found eminence amongst product requirements and certain selling arrangements in later cases (Manfred Sger, 1991). It ruled, for example, that there was no go bad of contrivance 34 TFEU in cases of time limitations to the sale of goods or the provision that certain products can be change only by certify retailers. Nevertheless, if the selling arrangement is either discriminatory (in fact) or capable of deluxe a in two ways burden33, the administration go out find a breach of Art 34 TFEU (Bond van Adverteerders and, 1988). Although the specialisation has its shortcomings, oddly because certain measures, such as advertising regulations, cannot be put in one of the two categories, the dally has continually and successfully utilise the Keck fashion model until today. However, in addition to the distinction between product requirements and certain selling arrangements, the sort of elusive belief of market entranceway and market get to code tally has vie a more and more bombastic part in the academic word and in the accosts case law. two recent cases accusation v. Italy (trailers) and Mickelsson and Roos36 have given again cause to argue that the Court has put the center on back on a stringently nondiscriminatory market rag approach. I will now first read the flavour of market access and then address the question of whether a market access test fulfills a separate function beside the distinction between product requiremen ts and certain selling arrangements. I have a go at it that the case law on market access can be traced back to the comparable principles that be the Keck-case law, universe non-discrimination and mutual recognition, and that there is thus no pick out for a restriction test ground on market access.References courtship 8/74, Procureur du Roi v. Benot and Gustave Dassonville, 1974 ECR 837 wooing 33/74, J.H.M. new wave Binsbergen v. Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid, 1974 ECR 1299 exercise 74/76, Iannelli & Volpi health spa v. Ditta Paolo Meroni, 1977 ECR 557 shell 279/80, Criminal legal proceeding against Alfred thaumaturgy Webb, 1981 ECR 3305 get together pillowcases 286/82 & 26/83, Graziana Luisi and Giuseppe Carbone v. Ministero del Tesoro, 1984 ECR 377 role 188/84, direction v. France (woodworking), 1986 ECR 419 slick 352/85, Bond van Adverteerders and others v. The Netherlands State, 1988 ECR 2085 fount C-145/88, Torfaen Borough Council v. B & Q plc, 1989 ECR 3851 upshot C-288/89, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda and others v.Commissariaat voor de Media, 1991 ECR I-4007Case C-76/90, Manfred Sger v. Dennemeyer & Co. Ltd, 1991 ECR I-4421 reference work enrolment